Many people new to the concept of subliminal messages normally have a lot of questions and are rather skeptical about if they actually work or not.

Because of this we have put together this page, which goes over a number of different scientific studies into how subliminal audio and visual messages impact upon the brain as well as social scientific studies into their practicality and applications in everyday life.

Smoking Cessation Study

Thirty-four people took part in a group-oriented therapy package aimed at getting them to stop smoking. The subjects of the group were randomly assigned to either the experimental group or the control group. The experimental group was exposed to subliminal messages while the control group was not.

Once the therapy was completed the researchers found that 4 weeks later that 67% of the experimental group (the group exposed to subliminal messages) hadn’t gone back to smoking while the control group (the non-subliminal message group) had only 12% of its subjects who had not started smoking again.

Study: Palmatier, J.R., and Bornstein, P.H. “Effects of Subliminal Stimulation of Symbiotic Merging Fantasies on Behavioral Treatment of Smokers.” The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease (1980)

Journal Entry: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7452209

Math Study

Seventy-two Israeli 10th graders were put into four groups and each group was shown four times a week for six weeks a different subliminal message. The subliminal messages shown were “Mommy and I are one (two versions of this was used)”, “My teacher and I are one” and “People are walking in the street.”

At the end of the six-week period a maths test was done and the groups who were exposed to the “Mommy and I are one” message achieved significantly higher scores than the other groups.

Psychologists have said that the reason they believe the group exposed to the “Mommy and I are one” message got higher scores is because the message would have had boosted their self esteem, which in turn had a positive effect on helping them to learn.

Study: Ariam, S. and Siller, J. “Effects of Subliminal Oneness Stimuli in Hebrew on Academic Performance of Israeli High School Students.” Journal of Abnormal Psychology (1982)

Journal Entry: http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/abn/91/5/343/

Darts Accuracy Study

A study was conducted on the dart-throwing accuracy of males. The subjects were each exposed to five different subliminal messages and after exposure to each individual message their dart throwing accuracy was measured. The five different subliminal messages were “Beating Dad is ok”, “Beating Dad is wrong”, “Beating him is ok”, “Beating him is wrong” and “People are walking”.

It was shown that when exposed to the message “Beating Dad is ok” dart-throwing accuracy was at its highest.

This study shows that subliminal messages can have an impact on athletic performance even when such a simple positive messaged is played.

Study: Plumbo, R. and Gillman, I. “Effects of Subliminal Activation of Oedipal Fantasies on Competitive Performance.” The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease (1984)

Journal Entry: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6502153

Weight Loss Study

Two experiments were conducted, one on a group of 26 women and the other on a group of 30 women. All women in the group were at least 15% overweight. In each experiment the women were put in either a subliminal group or a control group. Both the subliminal group and control group were taught basic weight loss and healthy eating methods, such as calorie counting, meal timing and how to properly reward themselves for their healthy eating.

In each of these educational sessions all of them were asked to picture a scenario where they would be tempted to over eat. During this visualization practise they were exposed to a subliminal message for four milliseconds. The subliminal group was exposed to a weight loss based subliminal while the control group was exposed to a neutral subliminal message.

The results found that in both of the experiments the subliminal group lost far more weight than the control group. It was concluded then that the use of subliminal messages has the ability to help people treat there over eating habits and thus aid in weight loss.

Study: Silverman, L.H., Martin, A., Ungaro, R., and Mendelsohn, E. “Effect of Subliminal Stimulation of Symbiotic Fantasies on Behavior Modification Treatment of Obesity.” Clinical Psychology (1978)

Journal Entry: http://psycnet.apa.org/index.cfm?fa=buy.optionToBuy&id=1979-13876-001

It’s appropriate to mention another study conducted by Dr. Becker and his colleagues that also helps to show the massive impact that subliminal messages have on weight loss.

In this study Dr. Becker’s patients at his weight loss clinic in Metairie, Louisiana were made to listen to both audio based subliminal messages and videotapes that contained subliminal messages.

One of his patients managed to lose 100 pounds in just one year and when he conducted a follow-up he found that 50% of his patients managed to keep their weight loss for up to two years after being treated, a figure much higher than those who he treated without the use of subliminal messages.

Alcoholism Study

A group of seventy-two alcoholics undertaking an alcoholism treatment program were divided into an experimental group and a control group. Both groups were given the same regular treatment program and both groups were exposed to a subliminal message four times in each of the six sessions over two-weeks.

The study found that the experimental group, which is the group that received the subliminal message, were more involved in the treatment, had enhanced self-concept, lowered anxiety and depression and their consumption of alcohol was reduced after a 3-month follow-up.

Study: Schurtman, R., Palmatier, J.R. and Martin, E.S. “The Activation of Symbiotic Gratification Fantasies as an Aid in the Treatment of Alcoholics.” The International Journal of the Addictions

Journal Entry: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7174161

Academic Performance Study

Sixty college students enrolled in a six-week undergraduate summer law course were exposed to subliminal messages before three out of the five lectures each week and before and after a ten minute counseling session with the person conducting the experiment. The sixty students were split into three groups of 20; the first two groups both received a positive subliminal message while the third group received a neutral message.

After the six-week course it was found that those who received the positive subliminal message achieved higher results than the group who received the neutral message, showing once again that subliminal messages can help improve study skills and academic performance.

Study: Parker, K.A. “Effects of Subliminal Symbiotic Stimulation on Academic Performance: Further Evidence on the Adaptation-Enhancing Effects of Oneness Fantasies.” Journal of Counseling Psychology (1982)

Journal Entry: http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/cou/29/1/19/

Agoraphobia Study

Thirty-two people suffering from Agoraphobia were split into four groups. Three of those groups were shown scenes of outdoor situations designed to trigger their phobia, the fourth group, the control group was shown a scene of a potter working on his wheel. With the three test groups, one group was shown the scenes at a level below the visual threshold, one was shown it under normal conditions and the final group was exposed to it subliminally and normally.

Out of the three groups it was shown that the group that was shown it both subliminally and normally showed the biggest improvement and this improvement was maintained even after a 12 week follow up.

The study shows then that using both subliminal and normal exposure to a message can help to reduce agoraphobia but the best results come when you combine the two.

Study: Lee, I., Tyrer, P. and Horn, S., “A comparison of Subliminal, Supraliminal and Faded Phobic Cine-Films in the Treatment of Agoraphobia.” British Journal of Psychiatry (1983)

Journal Entry: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6626854

The Mind Does Actually Hear Subliminal Messages Embedded In Audio

In this study one group listened to audio subliminal messages there were mixed in with a regular music recording. The other group listened to the same music but without the subliminal messages embedded. Both of the groups were instructed to produce a drawing before the music was played and also immediately after the music was played.

The researchers examined these drawings and they found that the drawings of the group that was exposed to the subliminal messages contained images related to the embedded messages they were being exposed to. It was concluded then that the subconscious part of the human mind is able to pick up on a recorded message that cannot be heard by the conscious mind, thus, we do have a subliminal perception.

Study: Kaser, V.A. “The Effects of an Auditory Subliminal Perception Message Upon the Production of Images and Dreams”. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease (1986).

Journal: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3723126

Another interesting study related to the ability of the mind being able to hear subliminal messages is one conducted by Dr. Becker. In this study both the experimental and control group were asked to guess a three-digit number. The experimental group was exposed to the number subliminally through a pink noise audiotape.

This study was repeated three different times and it was found that on average 77% of the people exposed to the number through subliminal audio were able to correctly guess it, the control group however only had 10% able to guess it.

The More Subliminal the Message the Greater the Reaction

Bornstein et al conducted an experiment where subjects were exposed to verbal statements embedded in white noise with the volume levels being increased at different levels. With each increase, frontal EMG, heart rate and skin conductance were measured.

The study showed that the physiological reactions of the subjects were highest when the messages were least audible, in other words more subliminal.

Study: Borgeat, F., M.D., Elie, R., M.D., Chaloult, L., M.D., and Chabot, R. B. Ped. “Psychophysiological Responses to Masked Auditory Stimuli.” Canadian Journal of Psychiatry

Journal Entry: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3971278

The Power of Subliminal Messages to Enter the Subconscious Mind

A study was done where people were either exposed to a message while being consciously aware or exposed to it in a subliminal fashion.

The results of the study showed that the response rate of those that were exposed to the message in a subliminal message was higher than those exposed to it in a conscious manner.

This study goes to show that despite people not being aware of the stimuli, our subconscious mind still has the ability to pick up on it and the awareness of it is much higher than it is consciously.

Study: Shevrin, H. “Does the Averaged Evoked Response Encode Subliminal Perception? Yes.” (1975)

Journal Entry: http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/1975-28968-001

Learning Capacity Study

A class of university students were split into groups and before each lecture were exposed to either a subliminal message or control message for a total period of 12 sessions with each message being 4 milliseconds.

At the end of the study a final test was conducted and it was found that the groups who received the subliminal messages ended up achieving much higher test scores than their peers who were exposed to the control message.

Study: Cook, H., Ph.D. “Effects of Subliminal Symbiotic Gratification and the Magic of Believing on Achievement.” Psychoanalytic Psychology (1985)

Journal Entry: http://www.pep-web.org/document.php?id=ppsy.002.0365a

Shoplifting Study

There has been a number of reports of stores using subliminal messages in order to reduce shoplifting, such reports include:

In 1979 TIME Magazine wrote about a chain of department stores in the U.S. and Canada using subliminal messages played through their music systems to successfully reduce shoplifting by customers and also theft by employees.

Wall Street Journal reported in 1980 that a supermarket in New Orleans had used subliminal messages to reduce shoplifting to an all time low in just six months. This resulted in the cost of shoplifting going from $50,000 every six months to $13,000.

An East Coast chain saved in total of $600,000 in just nine-months.

Source: http://www-cshs.stjohns.k12.fl.us/teachers/vogelj2/Downloads/AP%20Psych%20-Time%20Magazine%20-%20Secret%20Voices.pdf

The Subliminal Exposure to Extreme Words Decreases Their Extremity

Four experiments were conducted: In the first one the participants were exposed in a subliminal manger to extremely positive and extremely negative words. After this they were asked to rate the extremity of certain words and the participants ended up rating the words they were exposed to as less extreme than extreme words they had not been exposed to.

A second experiment was conducted using a different evaluation measure and in that experiment and also with experiment three and four, the same findings were reached as in the first experiment.

Study: Dijksterhuis A, Smith PK. “Affective habituation: subliminal exposure to extreme stimuli decreases their extremity.” Social Psychology Program, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (2002)

Journal Entry: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12899354

Verbal Subliminal Messages Can Affect Associated Conscious Thoughts

The subjects were shown the word “Happy” on a screen very quickly and it was followed by a drawing of an expressionless face, the same thing was also done with the word “Angry”.

The study showed that subjects found the face more pleasant when shown it after “Happy” and less so when shown it after “Angry”, showing then that the meanings of words that people are exposed to subliminally can influence associated conscious thoughts.

Study: Smith, Gudmund J. W.; Spence, Donald P.; Klein, George S. “Subliminal effects of verbal stimuli.” The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology (1959)

Journal Entry: http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/abn/59/2/167/

Subliminal Exposure to Images Increases a Persons Attitude Towards It

A study was conducted where undergraduate subjects were shown abstract geometric images at a subliminal level and also at a non-subliminal level. The subjects attitudes towards the images presented subliminally become more and more positive with each exposure, even when the subjects were not aware that they had been exposed to it.

A second experiment was then conducted where the subjects were subliminally exposed to photographs of actual people and like with the first experiment, the more of an exposure the more positive subjects were to the photograph.

Lastly a third experiment was conducted where subliminal exposure to photographs of people showed that the attitude towards that individual in person was enhanced.

Study: Bornstein, Robert F.; Leone, Dean R.; Galley, Donna J. “Journal of Personality and Social Psychology” (1987)

Journal Entry: http://www.researchgate.net

Enhances the Effectiveness of Therapeutic Procedures

Thirty-six female college students were split into three groups of twelve. Each group contained 6 experimental subject and six control subjects and all subjects participated in three group-counseling sessions. Before each session took place the subjects in the experimental group were exposed to the subliminal message “Mommy and I are one” and the controls were exposed to the neutral subliminal message “People are walking”. The groups were all given different levels of counselor self-disclosures. The first group received 8, the second 4 and the third received none.

Once the study was completed it was shown that the subjects exposed to the positive subliminal message had more self-disclosures than those who received the neutral message, the study thus showing that the use of subliminal messages can enhance the effectiveness of therapeutic procedures.

Study: Linehan, Edward; O’Toole, James “Effect of subliminal stimulation of symbiotic fantasies on college student self-disclosure in group counseling.”Journal of Counseling Psychology (1982)

Journal Entry: http://www.eric.ed.gov

So there you have it, there is a lot of credible research into subliminal messaging and it’s influence upon the human mind  it isn’t only James Vicary’s questionable research.. We are committed to keeping this page up to date and will add new studies as they are released.

Citation

http://www.realsubliminal.com/subliminal-messages-scientific-research - Another great master source of research.
http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,920625,00.html - Article source from Time Magazine about department stores reducing their shoplifting rates.

The most widely known piece of research into subliminal messaging comes from James McDonald Vicary in 1957.

Vicary wasn’t a social scientist or a psychologist researcher, he was a market researcher involved with advertising and branding, so he wanted to take his research out of the lab and into the real world

The study is perhaps most famous as it was one of the first of its kind – a large scale investigation into the power of subliminal messages conducted on the public, but also because of the alarming results.

In 1957 Vicary conducted his research in to subliminal messaging. He used a movie theatre in Fotr Lee, New Jersey, and over a 6 week period he tested subliminal messaging on over 45,000 movie goers.

While the patrons watched a movie (called Picnic) Vicary displayed 2 subliminal messages – on stating “Eat Popcorn” and another stating “Drink Coca-Cola”. The messages were text based subliminal messages and were displayed much faster than the human eye can see – they flashed on the screen for 3/1000s of 1 second – and they were displayed once every 5 seconds.

Results were taken by comparing the current 6 weeks sales of Coca Cola and popcorn to sales figures from the previous 6 weeks. The difference was phenomenal:

• Popcorn sales had risen by 57%
• Coca Cola sales rose by 18.1%

These figures suprised even Vicary himself. At the time the findings caused somewhat of a hysteria, further research started to be done into the influence of subliminal messages, and they were soon banned from being used within advertisements.

Critics

Critics now claim that the results may have been manufactured. It has never been proven but Vicary has never been able to reproduce the same high figures when scrutinized to repeat the experiment. It was also claimed he needed the successful research to get funding for a subliminal software project he wanted to move into.

It did however capture the imagination of the public, and real or not in started to inspire global brands to trying their own subliminal advertising. It also led to a further research by the CIA and a paper was developed called “The Operational Potential of Subliminal Perception” which was classified as top secret until 1994 when it was approved for release.

If you are curious for more research – conducted under clinical conditions, then take a look at our scientific research into subliminal messaging page. All research studies are properly cited to their published journals.

Citation

The operational potential of subliminal perception - Official CIA research publication which led on from James Vicary's foray into subliminal research.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Vicary - Wikipedia page for James Vicary.
http://doddcenter.uconn.edu/asc/findaids/Vicary/MSS19980320.html - Official store for all of the James Vicary research papers.

In 1982 two Israeli psychologists conducted a study into subliminal messaging, by giving a maths test to groups of participants who had been exposed to subliminal messaging.

• Two groups of10th graders was shown the subliminal messages “Mommy and I are one” or “My teacher and I are one” in Hebrew. The control group was shown a neutral message: “People are walking in the street”. These messages were played four times a week for a duration of 6 weeks.
• At the end of the expiriments the results showed that the group who had been exposed to the messages “Mommy and I are one” scored better in the maths test than either of the other groups
  

Ariam and Siller reported that the message “Mommy and I are one” increased the students self-esteem and therefore increased their learning potential and ability.

In a follow up study the messages were actually revealed to the students – (making them “paraliminal” i.e. above the threshold of consciousness, rather than subliminal). Under these conditions where the students could clearly hear the messages the maths test results were consistent across the 3 groups – supporting the use of sending a subliminal message rather than a regular audible messsage.

(Ariam, S. and Siller, J. “Effects of Subliminal Oneness Stimuli in Hebrew on Academic Performance of Israeli High School Students. ” Journal of Abnormal Psychology (1982)

If you need help with your math then try our math subliminal album.